Choice Theories and How They Relate To Crime Essay Example for Free

plectrum Theories and How They Relate To Crime EssayChoice Theories are a keen-witted choice that actors act upon because of the thoughts and feelings they have. It is an spry instinct to do whats needed for your immediate survival at the time. Also Known as a personal conscious choice. Rational people think that the act will benefit them more than than cause harm to themselves. They do not know if it will cause harm to anyone else around them merely honestly they normally do not care. Criminals are a great group of people whom transmit these acts. They feel that they are restrained and that their choices are constricted. They use this as a last and sometimes all resort. Criminals are seen as inherently anit-social. This gives the criminals a sense of control, power, and in their minds gives them an alternative career. For example look at drug dealers.They live their lives selling drugs not because they enjoy doing it and disobeying the law but because they can work for 2 hours and they can make more money than I do in two weeks working 40+ hours. They love quick easy money and over look the consequences. The only way to stop this major crime rate and help keep our justice system a little more organised and not so stressful is to make the exist of crime so high that no rational human will commit the crime. All of this does not go for a criminal whom sits down and thinks of the cost/benefit portion of things. A choice theory to some is simply nothing other than a resort.

Fast Food Nation Essay Example for Free

Fast aliment Nation EssayThe growth of the truehearted food industry over the past few decades into what it is directly is an undeniable phenomenon that has occurred in an alarmingly rapid pace. The fact of the matter is it seems that a person has a precise realistic chance of finding a McDonalds within a 4 mile radius of both household in the country, it is also arguable that this is already the case for the world as well, and if not like a shot then very soon indeed. According to an article Good Home CookingRight off the Assembly Line, by James Bone on the Times Online Web site say, only one-third of Americans falsify meals from muster up, meaning with brisk ingredients.Bone also reports that Americans spend only thirty minutes cooking dinner, compared with 2-1/2 hours in the 1960s. In his book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser says, one-quarter of Americans eat in a fast-food alimentation house each day (3). Why are Americans eating so much fast food? The serve up is simple they are willing to trade quality for speed. While Americans may be attracted to food that is fast and easy, they are missing some important benefits of slowing down. In fact, Americans obsession with fast food is pain not only their health but also the quality of their lives.The main reason that Americans are uprise take-out food and cooking prepared meals is obvious they dont control teeming time. Bone said in more than two-thirds of households in America, two people are working. People with demanding work schedules have little time for food shopping and cooking. Another reason that mealtime has find so short is that umteen a(prenominal) younger adults grew up in what one might call a fast-food culture. In the past lambert years, inventions such as televisions, fax machines, and computers have increased the pace of life.At the same time, microwave ovens, drive-through restaurants, and TV dinners have changed the way Americans eat. Many people now prefer to eat qu ickly, even in their cars or in front of the television, instead of taking time to cook a meal and sit at the table. In this culture of instant gratification, people dont think food is important enough to spend much time on. Even though Americans think that they are saving time and modify their lives by eating precooked and prepackaged food, their obsession with fast food is causing the quality of their lives to go down.Fast food doesnt contain the nutrients your body needs to stay healthy. They have lots of preservatives, fat, sugar, and salt to becloud the fact that they are not fresh. As a result, people may feel chronically ill-defined and lack the energy they need to complete daily tasks. If people do not eat fresh foods that provide necessary vitamins and minerals, they may become tired and sick, and they will miss out on opportunities to have sex their lives. Another serious health concern is obesity. There is an obesity epidemic in America today, curiously with young pe rson, that is related to the way people are eating.According to Schlosser, the rate of obesity among American children is doubly as high as it was in the late 1970s (240). Obesity can lead to many health problems, including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. In The Link Between Fast Food And The Obesity Epidemic. Dustin Frazier writes, deaths due to ugly diet and physical inactivity increased 33 percent over the past decade. It cites a study concluding that, poor diet and physical inactivity may soon overtake tobacco plant as the leading cause of death in this country.Certainly, if fast food causes people to become obese, and then obesity causes them to get sick or die, fast food cannot be considered improvement in Americans lives. Even though Americans may think they are saving time and improving their lives by eating fast food, they will actually have healthier and more enjoyable lives if they change the way they cook and eat. Making dinner from scratch is much healthier tha n getting burgers and fries from a fast-food restaurant. And people get more than just a full stomachthey get more time with family and friends and a well-grounded expression from creating something healthy.People should learn to choose fast food carefully and remember the pleasure of eating good food in good company.Work Cited Bone, James. Good Home CookingRight off the Assembly Line. TimesOnline 27 Mar. 2006. 9 Oct. 2006http//www. timesonline. co. uk/article/0,,11069-2105427,00. html. Frazier, Dustin A. The Link Between Fast Food And The Obesity Epidemic. Health Matrix journal Of Law-Medicine 17. 2 (2007) 291-317. Academic Search Complete. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. New York, NY Perennial, 2002. Print.

Internet security Essay Example for Free

Internet credential EssayIn the developed and developing world, the use of the cyberspace has increased in popularity. The use of the internet has become the pet mode of communication and resources for various players like industries, corporations, telecommunications, and governments and in business. In business, the internet has facilitated financial minutes that befuddle greatly changed the face of business making it fast and simple and in conformation to the global village the techno recordy has created.With the increased use of the internet, there has been a corresponding increase in cyber crime from criminals who be seeking either financial gains or former(a) advantages for example military. The frequency of these attacks is very high and the levels of sophistry utilise argon great . This makes it difficult for many organizations to determine bran-new threats, their risk factors and ways of dealings with the menace (Cetron, et al, 2009). galore(postnominal) time s it is difficult for the organizations to determine which attacks to deal with first and how to allocate resources to deal with them.In the commercial sector, attacks on electronic financial legal proceeding adjudge resulted in great financial losings and corresponding reductions in user confidence. Electronic transactions consist of funds transfers, data interchange, trade confirmations and benefits transfers. Many crimes that occur afford plagued the industry for years like theft, service denial, extortion demands or cunning. Technology has however greatly magnified the ability of major crimes to be committed in a matter of seconds. Electronic security is an industry that is growing and becoming globalised.This industry offers services in the categories of assessment, admission price and utilization. To demonstrate the severity of attacks on April, 2009, Chinese and Russian spies managed to infiltrate the United States of America electrical grid and inserted disruptive pack age into the musical arrangement (Cetron, et al, 2009). An attack which occurred prior to this one on September 2008 would catch caused the collapse of the global saving were it non for intervention. Unidentified hackers robbed the lucrative Ameri fire financial market accounts a total of five hundred and fifty million dollars in a little less than both hours.If the accounts would not claim been closed by the Treasury Department they would have lost almost six trillion dollars. This would have caused the global economy to collapse in approximately twenty four hours. One security threat is phishing. Phishing involves the acquisition of subtle training like passwords, credit peak flesh out, usernames and pin be. It makes its presentation as being a reasoned entity. The unsuspecting victims atomic number 18 lured by receiving communications which purport to be from a popular web come out or pay processors. It is ordinarily done done instant messaging services or email s (Shu-Min Shann-Bin, 2006).These communications directs the users to enter their inside schooling at a fraudulent website which bears a great semblance to the authentic one. Phishing attacks were observed on deuce popular brands which provide payment services for banks globally in the United States of America in February 2010. The fraudsters created phishing sites in English and other languages, the most popular being French. These websites targeted customers by sending spam mails with the subject proving the card number and claiming that there was a risk of fraudulent transactions taking place. This attack was created using two types of phishing websites.The first utilised uniform Resource Locators which were created with subject field names with many top level domain variants. The most popular domain which was utilised was . cz which represented the Czech Republic. Upon entering their sensitive information into a card holder page for the false verification, the page redirecte d to the real website. The second attack utilised Uniform Resource Locators with Internet Protocol domains which were hosted on emcees based in the United States (Glaessner, 2002). The Uniform Resource Locators string section were very long, typically with more than seven hundred characters.The pages asked for sensitive data but had an auto sign-language(a) debit card or credit card number. This auto signing was done by placing stolen numbers of cards obtained from primitively attacks on the form. Upon receipt of information the page was redirected to a blank page. Cross site scripting is a form of phishing that occurs in schedules or websites that allow user input. If the input data is not mighty sanitized the program may then process thee input or execute the codes which the original program was not to do. This has been used to redirect users to fake websites.Users atomic number 18 well-advised not to click on shadowy links in emails and to check the Uniform Resource Loca tors of the website to authenticate brands. It is withal advised that one should type the brand domain name directly into the browser address instead of by-line links. The use of security software has also been recommended. Pharming involves redirecting the redirection of websites traffic and taking it to a false website. Pharming is done by either converting the hosts file on the victims computing device or exploiting Domain Name Systems servers software (Basu, 2009).These Domain label Systems servers main task is to convert internet names to their real addresses. A compromised server therefore does not direct traffic to legitimate websites. Highly vulnerable sites of compromised are near internet leaves. If wrong entries on a computers host file are make it results in circumvention of name hunt using its own name to Internet Protocol mapping, this makes it a popular target for malware. Once it is rewritten a user can be redirected to a fake copy. The better targets for pharmin g are desktop computers as they beget poor administration in comparison to most other internet services.Host file compromises can compromise the network router. Many routers specify Domain Name Systems to clients on the network and wrong information here spoils the entire local area network. A compromise in routers is very hard to detect. Pharming also occurs by infecting the victims computer with malware or a virus. This causes the redirection of a website to a fake one. An unsuspecting user may enter information site unaware. To avoid pharming, users are advised to search for details that prove that the website is authentic. Typing the sites address into the browser bar also offers just about protection.Use of an antivirus to reduce virus infiltration into the computers is also recommended. Vigilance is important in warding off attacks. Trojan knights are also a great threat to internet security. Trojan horses present themselves as valuable software which is available for down loading on the internet. This fools many people into downloading the virus in the presumption that it is another application. A Trojan horse is usually separated into parts which are the client and the server. The client is usually disguised as important software and is situated in some sharing networks like peer to peer or uncertified websites for downloads.As soon as the client Trojan is executed in the computer, the attacker who is the person operating the server has great control over the computer and can destroy it depending on his purpose. The spread of the Trojan horse virus can occur through email attachments using various spamming techniques. Malware creators spread the virus through chat software like Skype and Yahoo Messenger. The virus may also infect other machines by distributing copies of itself to those in the address book of the infected computer. There are many types of Trojan horses.Remote admission price Trojans give attackers complete control of he victims comp uter and access to any information stored in the files. Password Trojans copy all passwords and look for passwords as they are keyed into a computer and send them to a true email address. Key loggers log the keystrokes used by victims and send the log information to the attacker and can be configured to online and offline modes of recording. Destructive Trojans cause destructions to files and deletes them completely from infected computers. They are able to delete all system files of a computer (Basu, 2009).While there are other types of Trojans not mentioned here, it should be noted that a Trojan may work with a combination of some of the functionalities explained. To best avoid a Trojan hose virus attack, one should open email attachments or files received from strange senders. Installing and updating an antivirus program is also helpful. For secure electronic online transactions certain criteria have to be addressed and met. There moldiness be secure access control which determi nes who has access to a system and be able to deny access to intruders. Proper authentication of users and message honor must also be established.Privacy of the parties involved must also be safeguarded and maintained (Shu-Min Shann-Bin, 2006). Non-repudiation must be ensured where the sender cannot deny (falsely) sending a message. The use of online signatures has also been manipulated to commit fraud. Electronic signatures are a recognized electronic way of showing that a person has accepted the contents of a message sent electronically. These signatures are increasingly being used in electronic commerce and have evolved into digitized signatures which are encrypted and more secure than a simple electronic signature.While they are themselves subject to fraud the purpose of their creation was to combat fraud (Hansen, 1995). Electronic signatures are based on legal principles which have to be understood by the institutions which wish to use it. The use of digital signatures is a c ode that authenticates the origins of a enter. A well done electronic signature causes the signer to be uniquely identified. It also causes the scroll to be locked using encryption engineering science and is electronically stamped throughout the process with time and date. It also stores the document for access without fear of being lost or its existence denied.The security of electronic financial transactions can also be enhanced by the use of digital certificates against phishing and pharming. To avoid manipulation of transactions in signature based online banking, utility of Class-3 electronic card readers should be explored. Virus scanners should be used to protect from Trojan horses. Care when downloading software should be exercised. With the mass adoption of technology, countries around the world are increasingly using technological based solutions to address their needs and carry out their functions.The use of the internet has created a highly competitive market. While cy ber crime has not infiltrated or integrated itself equally in many countries it is an industry that is growing very fast and deserves much global attention (Shu-Min Shann-Bin, 2006). As earlier discussed, it has the potential of destroying whole markets and creating great havoc. Attempts to control cyber crime have not been concerted. Many challenges have arisen in trying to control this threat. Technology is a fast changing and cyber crime has achieved very high levels of sophistication.Cyber criminals have designed malware which are virtually undetectable and are difficult to diagnose. It has proved challenging to design and maintenance up with these creations (Glaessner, 2002). Due to the high levels of vulnerability to cyber attacks there is an urgent need to formulate clear policies. These policies should admit guidelines on how to cyber crime is to be dealt with. This should include coming up with laws that will outline prosecution of cyber criminals repayable to the poten tial of these criminals to create damage and go unpunished and detected.Users of the internet and the various services it offers should also occupy personal responsibility for their own safety (Cetron, et al, 2009). Studies have shown that the human factor is largely the cause of the triumph of cyber crime rather than advancements in technology. In the United States, despite various public campaigns on internet security, people continue to be reckless with their personal information. This leaves them very vulnerable to attacks by cyber criminals. Predictions have been made that incidences of cyber crime will continue to increase. Users should therefore be very vigilant in monitoring their information. software program to combat cyber crime is available and users should take the initiative to acquire this software to alert them of suspicious websites or claims. They should also regularly update their software like antivirus which is highly dynamic due to the creation of new viruses and malware that occurs at a very high rate (almost daily). In conclusion, electronic financial transactions have created great savings in terms of financial savings for both providers and users and reduced the wastage of time. The use of this technology has correspondingly exposed its users newer forms of crime and every effort must be made to combat cyber crime.