Dulce et Decorum Est An Emotional Appeal :: essays papers

Dulce et Decorum Est An Emotional AppealWar brings with it countless tragedies. Many of these tragedies only a veteran could full understand. All too often the ugliness of war is glorified, and even worse, glamorized. In the meter Dulce et Decorum Est, by Wilfred Owen, the glorification of war is sarcastically refuted. Owens exasperation is eminent, as he graphically describes war in terms only a veteran or embattled soldier could comprehend.Dulce et Decorum Est, means It is refreshed and becoming to die for ones country(Arp 566). The title is used satirically, which the speaker defines within the very first phrase in the poem readiness double, like old beggars under sacks(565). The speaker continues the description of the once young and healthy boys Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, /Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs(565), if the war enthusiast was non yet feeling guiltynow would be the time. The emotion that illuminates from these st atements is powerful and intense. It is now clear, that one who has lived through war, could not possibly glorify it. The speaker vividly describes the hell soldiers endure while desperately trying to stay alive. Exhausted, injured, and Drunk with fatigue(566), the men go onterrified, yet brave, the men go on. These men are not just a bunch of nameless men going to battle, they have names, and families, and beating hearts. The creator of Perrines Literature Structure, Sound and Sense, Thomas R. Arp, asks the reader to List the elements of the poem that seem no beautiful and therefore unpoetic. Are there any elements of beauty in the poem?(566). Although this is an extremely dark poem, and reveals some very ugly realities, I find it beautiful. It may not be about flowers, and the sun, and the gleaming ocean, still it is beautifully expressedthe way it ought to be. It encourages thinking and feeling, while removing ignorance. The intensity grows as the length of the poem grows. First, the speaker told of the men, and how they trudged towards distant rest (566). Now, further in the poem he singles out a single mankind. He also mentions himself as he explains I saw him drowning. He is referring to the one man who could not get his gas mask on in time to prevent death. During this passage, I could not help but to visualize the one young man who was left floundring, and maintaining dry eyes became near impossible.

Michelangelo :: Essays Papers

Michelangelo2Michelangelo was pessimistic in his poetry and an optimist in his artwork. Michelangelos artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in its natural state. Michelangelos poetry was pessimistic in his rejoinder to Strazzi even though he was complementing him. Michelangelos sculpture brought out his optimism. Michelangelo was optimistic in completing The Tomb of Pope Julius II and persevered through its many revisions trying to thoroughgoing(a) his vision. Sculpture was Michelangelos main goal and the love of his life. Since his art portrayed both optimism and pessimism, Michelangelo was in touch with his positive and negative sides, showing that he had a cracking and stable personality. Michelangelos artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in its natural state. Michelangelo Buonarroti was called to Rome in 1505 by Pope Julius II to create for him a monumental tomb. We have no clear sense of what the tomb was to look like , since over the years it went through at least five conceptual revisions. The tomb was to have three levels the pervade level was to have sculpted figures representing Victory and bond slaves. The second level was to have statues of Moses and Saint Paul as well as symbolic figures of the dynamic and contemplative life-representative of the human striving for, and reception of, knowledge. The third level, it is assumed, was to have an effigy of the deceased pope. The tomb of Pope Julius II was never finished. What was finished of the tomb represents a twenty-year span of frustrating delays and revised schemes. Michelangelo had hardly begun work on the popes tomb when Julius commanded him to fresco the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel to complete the work done in the foregoing century under Sixtus IV. The overall organization consists of four large triangles at the corner a series of eight triangular spaces on the outer run into an intermediate series of figures and nine central pan els, all bound together with architectural motifs and nude male figures. The corner triangles depict heroic action in the Old Testament, while the other eight triangles depict the biblical ancestors of Jesus Christ. Michelangelo conceived and executed this huge work as a single unit. Its overall convey is a problem. The issue has engaged historians of art for generations without satisfactory resolution. The paintings that were done by Michelangelo had been painted with the brightest colors that just bloomed the whole ceiling as one entered to look.

Anorexia and Bulimia Essay -- Causes of Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia

Bulimia Nervosa withal known as Bulimia is a rattling serious and dangerous alimentation disturb. The disorder can be describe as bingeing and then followed by purging or a mortal who eats a large amount of food in condensed periods of time and then vomits after eating to prevent on gaining the weight cause by the food. There is contrary slipway of going about ways to prevent the weight gain, making oneself throw up, taking pills, or laxatives which will increase how fast the food will move through your body, exercising excessively, eating a little amount or not at all, or taking other pills to pass urine This disorder is mostly between the dayss of 15 and 35, even if they have no specific food disorders. Studies made in Europe and USA have underlined the fact that roughly 10% of women in this age bracket say they and provoke vomiting occasionally 2% vomit once or more per week. This disorder is most commonly found in girls and in their late teen years, but thats not to say it does not happen to boys it does but it is very rare. With a person who has binge-eating syndrome it is very hard to tell by their appearance because when you have Bulimia you look average weight or just below it.This disorder is split up into 3 different illnesses they all have a lot in common but also have differences. The first type is Simple, simple bulimia nervosa ordinarily affects girls at age 18 years old. The cause for this illness is under confident about oneself but come from good backgrounds. This illness is usually triggered by a short time of depression, such as a break up with a boyfriend. The girls who have simple bulimia nervosa have had a normal life as made friends normally and then they will have the short depression period and they will learn to hate themselves and their appearance. ordinarily diets start to boost up ones self esteem and then they cheat during the diet and vomiting will occur after eating. This form of bulimia is the least out of all 3 form s severe. But that is not to say that the girls who do this dont progress into worst conditions. Another form of the disorder is anorexigenic Bulimia Nervosa this is almost a mixture between Anorexic and Bulimia. It starts off as just a brief period of anorexic and then when that is oer the sufferer recovers the illness by a short period of stabilized weight... ... and mental health professionals come in to tending the patient recover. In different cases of the disorder family therapy is the best way to help overcome the disorder and helps eat healthy again. The family has a big effect on the sufferer and has to help the person realize that there body shape if perfectly fine and doesnt need to be thin to make anyone happy. There is always Clinics that may help treat the disorder, the treatment is structured and controlled so that they have to eat in a better and healthier way. If there is no desire and hospitalizing is not needed for the sufferer then there is the choice of outp atients by having weekly visits to a therapist and sometimes needs psychotherapy for the medicine, which can be more powerful in worst cases. These disorders should not be left alone or untreated they can damage the body and soul and if left untreated the disorder can kill and at the best leave you looking terrible and feeling worse. These disorders may help you lose weight or not permit you gain any, but in the long run it can seriously harm one and not only do these disorders affect the sufferer it also affects the people around them.

The History of Computing :: Essays Papers

The History of ComputingIn 1842 Babbages Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine Convinced his machine would benefit England, Babbage applied for and legitimate one of the first government grants to build the difference engine. Hampered by nineteenth century machine technology, cost over runs, and the possibility his chief engineer was amplify the bills, Babbage completed only a portion of the difference Engine before the government with drew its support in 1842, deeming the shake off worthless to science. lag Babbage had conceived of the idea of a more advanced analytical engine. In essence, this was a general-purpose computer that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide in automatic sequence at a rate of 60 additions per second. His 1833 design, which called for thousands of gears and drives, would cover the area of a football field and be powered by a locomotive engine. Babbage worked on this project until his death. In 1991 Londons Science Museum spent $600,000 to buil d a working model of the difference engine, using Babbages original plans. The result stands 6 feet high, 10 feet long, contains 4000 parts, and weighs 3 tons.The Honeywell 400 and the second Generation of Computers. The invention of the transistor signaled the start of the second generation of computers (1959-1964). Transistorized computers were more powerful, more reliable, less expensive, and armoured combat vehicle to operate that their vacuum-tubed predecessors. Honeywell established itself as a major player in the second generation of computers. Burroughs, Univac, NCR, CDC, and Honeywell IBMs biggest competitors during the 1960s and early 1970s became as the BUNCH.The IBM outline 360 and the third generation of computers. The third generation was characterized by computers built around inte scratch upd circuits. Of these, some historians consider IBMs system 30 line of computers, introduced in 1963, the single most important innovation in the history of computers. System 36 0 was conceived as a family of computers with upwards compatibility when a company outgrew one model it could strike up to the next model without worrying about converting its data. System 360 and the other lines built around intergraded circuits made all previous computers obsolete, but the advantages were so grate that most users wrote the costs of conversion off as the price of progress. In the early 1960s, Dr thoms Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny of Darmouth College began develoing a programming language that a beginner could limit and use quickly. Their work culminated in 1964 with BASIC.

The Lottery vs State of Grace Essay -- essays research papers

Shirley Jacksons "The Lottery" talks ab push through a community that follows a tradition. Every year the people take everyones name, put it in a black box, and pick the name of a person. This person they stone to death. Their reason range from an idea that having the draft makes them civilized to an idea that the lottery makes for good crops. The author suggests that the real reason is societys need for a victim.When talking about communities that have stipulation up the tradition of choosing one person to stone to death, "Old Man Warner snorted, Pack of crazy fools he said. Listening to the young folks, nothings good enough for them. Next thing you know, theyll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work any more, live that way for a while. Used to be a construction about "Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon."" (Jackson, The Granta... Page 66) This tradition causes the people of the town to destroy each other instead of work together to destr oy the tradition.     As Tessie Hutchinson is getting stoned, someone from her community puts a stone in her sons hand. Even the closest family member participates in the horror. "The children had stones already, and someone gave weensy Davey Hutchinson a few pebbles." (Jackson, The Granta... page 62-63) This action shows how tradition is being passed on literally from hand to hand. This stoning is the way that the people of the community act out their fear of being ...

The Lottery vs State of Grace Essay -- essays research papers

Shirley Jacksons "The Lottery" talks roughly a community that follows a tradition. Every year the great deal take everyones name, put it in a black box, and pick the name of a person. This person they stone to death. Their reason range from an idea that having the lottery makes them refine to an idea that the lottery makes for good crops. The author suggests that the real reason is societys need for a victim.When talking about communities that have given up the tradition of choosing one person to stone to death, "Old Man Warner snorted, Pack of crazy fools he said. Listening to the young folks, nothings good enough for them. Next thing you know, theyll be lacking(p) to go back to living in caves, nobody work any more, live that way for a while. Used to be a saying about "Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon."" (Jackson, The Granta... Page 66) This tradition causes the people of the town to destroy each other instead of working unneurotic to destroy the tr adition.     As Tessie Hutchinson is getting stoned, someone from her community puts a stone in her sons hand. Even the closest family member participates in the horror. "The children had stones already, and someone gave little Davey Hutchinson a few pebbles." (Jackson, The Granta... page 62-63) This action shows how tradition is being passed on literally from hand to hand. This stoning is the way that the people of the community act out their aid of being ...

Organizational Performance Management Essay

Each Learning Team member must select a different type of health care organization to study for the purpose of this group assignment. You are encouraged to select a different type of organization from the one chosen in the Week Three individual assignment but its not necessary. Group members compare their chosen organizations to complete the table and paper.Resources Organizational Performance wariness Table and Paper Grading Criteria and University of Phoenix MaterialOrganizational Performance perplexity TableConduct a group discussion and address the next points Summarize the type of health care organization you selected. Compare the main regulatory and accreditation standards that apply to each type of organization and identify standards that apply mostly to most or all types of health care organizations. Discuss the influence of regulatory and accreditation standards on performance-management systems. Discuss how the performance-management systems affect risk and quality ma nagement in each type of organization. Identify key areas in the organization that forget have direct responsibility for carrying out the day-to-day responsibilities associated with the regulations or standards. Identify separatewise areas in the organization that will be indirectly affected by the regulations or standards. Outline what oversight activities you could use to ensure that the regulatory and accreditation requirements are beingness implemented and are achieving the desired results.Collaborate to write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you address the adjacent points Address the similarities and differences among the types of organizations. Follow the link Now for sufficient guide https//bitly.com/1DNjhaYLook into attending community college for your first year or two. By taking your basic core studies at a community college, you squeeze out save a considerable amount of money. You lav then transfer all of your credits to a university of your choice. If the cost of a 4-year degree is beyond what you can afford, this is a good option. General Questions General General QuestionsEach Learning Team member must select a different type of health care organization to study for the purpose of this group assignment. You are encouraged to select a different type of organization from the one chosen in the Week Three individual assignment but its not necessary. Group members compare their chosen organizations to complete the table and paper.Resources Organizational Performance Management Table and Paper Grading Criteria and University of Phoenix Material Organizational Performance Management TableConduct a group discussion and address the following points Summarize the type of health care organization you selected. Compare the main regulatory and accreditation standards that apply to each type of organization and identify standards that apply broadly to most or all types of health care organizations. Discuss the influence of regulatory and accre ditation standards on performance-management systems. Discuss how the performance-management systems affect risk and quality management in each type of organization. Identify key areas in the organization that will have direct responsibility for carrying out the day-to-day responsibilities associated with the regulations or standards. Identify other areas in the organization that will be indirectly affected by the regulations or standards. Outline what oversight activities you could use to ensure that the regulatory and accreditation requirements are being implemented and are achieving the desired results.Collaborate to write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you address the following points Address the similarities and differences among the types of organizations. Propose how each organization will monitor performance, achieve regulatory and accreditation compliance, and improve overall organizational performance.

Distracted Driving Kills Essay

It is non uncommon today for driving crashes to be in our daily eve news. Almost every day, there are reports and newspaper articles ab let on drivers who were put off or under the influence of something. Most of us have probably seen drivers veer in their lanes or barely dodging a pedestrian because they are not focused. In fact, each day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that more than 15 people are killed and more than 1,200 people are injured in crashes that were reported to involve a distracted driver. Some victims sustain child injuries while others suffer from permanent damage, or possibly even die. Drivers are putting those around them at risk when they whip out their ph single and began to school textual matter while driving. The Tigers Roar talked with Kiera Gold 15 about her opinions on multitasking while behind the wheel. So many people think they merchant ship multitask, Gold comments. Sure, maybe with testing and homework, or texting and cleaning, but driving?Thats crazy. It is not uncommon for people our age to multitask on almost everything. The biggest problem with this income tax return is that the most serious bump offenders are us. WE are the ones who are most at risk. Yet many of us continue to assume that we can drive and text or talk simultaneously. Some kids and adults do get away with it, but there are many more that do not. Distraction.gov is a website created by the U.S. regime to address the problems of distracted driving in general. Ray Lahood, secretary of transportation, states that any time you take your eyes off the road, your hands off the wheel, and your mind off your primary task driving safely, distraction occurs, increasing your risk of crashing. Some people still dont know how dangerous distracted driving is. Others know about the risks of textingwhile driving, but still most choose to do so anyway. They make the mistake of thinkingthat they can contain the odds (Distraction.gov). Th ey incorrectly think that the statistics do not apply to them. The most surprising of all is that there are all sorts of distractions that may be experienced.Texting, calling, eating, drinking, habitue your makeup, reading, adjusting music players, you name it. These are all potential factors that can put your life at risk. To ban texting and driving may sound like a reasonable action to take, but there may be difficulty enforcing such laws. To make texting while driving illegal will encourage drivers to compensate their phones when they are texting instead of having it in front of them. This may make situations worse because some drivers will divert their eyes and attention to the phone instead of the road. In addition, it will be problematic for officers to know if someone was actually texting. One Text or Call Could Wreck It All. This is the message the U.S. Department of Transportation when it reaches out to millions of Americans. It is likely that a TV ad appeared while watch ing a favorite show about the consequences of texting while driving.They include the disabled and injured victim of a car crash due to distracted driving along with the one, simple text message that completely flipped their world upside down. This is reality, people. The purpose of the ads is not to depress you or give your something to laugh about. The way that person is now could be how you will end up living the rest of your life. In fact, if the issue of texting while driving continues just to disprove this article, you are only playing with your life and those around you. If you want to live your life to the fullest, then maybe that one text message does not need to be replied right away. Maybe it can wait until you have arrived at a resting place or your destination. perchance you wont be involved in a fatal crash and film a texting while driving advertisement to make the frequent more aware. But that will depend on how you will deal with a ringing phone when your hands are on the wheel, your eyes direction on the road. Stop the texts, stop the wrecks.

Culture and education in the development of Africa Essay

Some of the colonial power portrayed Africa as naif in their descriptions, for instance, Cecil Rhodes Social Darwinism advocate states, I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better King Leopold of Belgium avouchment on civilization, To open to civilization the only part of the globe where it has yet to penetrate is, I dare to say, a crusade worthy of this century of progress. From the supra assertions, it is prudent to note that, colonial powers thought Africa to be devoid of the organization in social, political and economic perspective and therefore they wanted to make Africa, England. In that thought of naivety of the Africans, there were societal structures and organizations which British did not care to observe. However, it was not going to be easy as where two or tercet cultures interact a conflict is inevitable.Although Africa was not a plain or bear continent, Africans had their way of purport, structure of govern ment, trust, economic activities, education, systems of marriage and development plans for their societies, nevertheless the British brought their systems which conflicted with Africans established way of life, this was because the British, as many other European powers were economically depressed and Africa appeared to be the only way out. The British wanted to pass the ternary Cs Commerce, that is to make m wizy finished an acquisition of free labor form Africans, raw materials for their industries as industrial revolution back in Britain was rapidly taking place, the market for their surplus crosswayion Christianity to save Africans.Explorers such as David Livingstone, Vasco Da Gama, Portuguese Diego Cam and Arabs with Muslim faith had missionary zeal. The last C is for Civilization, they wanted to civilize Africans in wrong of education, culture and many other expectations. Thus, to a larger extent, the activities of British heartened conflicts.African traditional righteo usness is rooted in the African culture, it was difficult for Christianity to penetrate through. Portuguese tried in the fifteen century and failed. For Christianity to take the course the Africans had to abandon their culture which was hard so to say. The Missionaries in the nineteenth century, however, came up with an elaborate plan for them to spread Christianity. They introduced through religion, education and health centers which contradicted informal learning and the institution of medicine men. Africans gradually began to embrace Whitemans way of life but not without several(prenominal)(prenominal) clashes. These battles are seen in various forms such as spiritual, doctrinal, cultural and practical. The African religion has been given several definitions by several(predicate) scholars, for instance, Dr. John Mbiti has elaborated aspects of African religion.In his book African traditional theology, Mbiti (1991) African religion is very pragmatic and realistic (p2), he exp lains that it is applied in circumstances where need arises. In addition he states that religion is rooted in the local language, so to comprehend religious life of an African society one has to understand the local dialect. He further affirms, To be an African in traditional setup is to be truly religious. (p30) He states that the religion can be seen in five aspects of culture beliefs, practices, ceremonies and festivals, religious objects and places, determine and morals and religious officials and leading. He defines African religion as The product of the thinking and experiences of our forefathers and mothers that is men and women of their generations. They formed religious ideas, they observed religious ceremonies and rituals, they told proverbs and myths which safeguarded the life of individual and his community.(pp 13-14) Mbiti notes that African religion has no scriptures as compared to Christianity and other religions, it is written in peoples history ,hearts and experi ences of the people.(p14)Awolalu in his book Sin and its Removal in the African Traditional Religion defines African religion as largely written in the peoples myth and folktales, in their songs and dances, in their liturgies and shrines and in their proverbs and pithy sayings. It is a religion whose historical riger is neither known nor idolisationped it is a religion that has no zeal for membership drive, yet it offers persistent fascination for Africans, young and old. The African traditional religion was not homogeneous as the communities had different ethnic background thus the religious practices such rituals varied one community to the other. It is worth noting that it was oral not scripted or written and was passed from one generation to the other by word of mouth, as I earlier alluded in the definitions of religion. Within their organized societal structures, Africans believed in supernatural beings together with transmitted spirits.The ancestral spirits were believed to link the living societal members to the gods. Therefore, the African traditional religion was and still is interweaved to the African culture.From the above insights, one cannot talk of African religion without African values as they are intertwined and inseparable. African religion was embedded in moral values or codes or standards which were believed to originate from god through the ancestral spirits, these values when observed one would be rewarded with maybe good harvest from their cultivation of land or increased number of flock of cattle. When these values were violated the culprits were reprimanded. The concept of values is a vital point as one talks of the African religion. For that reason African religion is drawn from the African values and Culture. African Culture was the source of law through the moral codes and values passed from generation to generation. From the above description we can see that law or rules of conduct were embedded in religion and that African reli gion was interweaved in the African culture.The African religion had some institutions as Mbiti points out in the aspects of African religion, who presided over religious functions, these institutions were believed to communicate directly to ancestral spirits (living dead) who in turn would communicate to the gods and grievances of the living societal members would be heard. In the Kenyan context, these institutions admit Orkoyot of the Nandi, Oloibon of the Maasai, Seers, Diviners, and Rainmakers depending on the ethnic communities which they came from. These institutions apart from veneration of the ancestors, they blessed warrior before going for war, advised the political leaders, offered sacrifice to god and conducted rituals for the culprits who violated moral values in the community. The gods had some specific names for instance, in Kenyan context, we had Enkai for the Maasai, Engoro for the Abagusii, Mulungu for Akamba, Asis the Nandi, Ngai for the Agikuyu and Nyasaye for t he Luo. There were specific worship places which were regarded as holy, this places included shrines, mountaintops some special trees such as mugumo, hills and some caves. The diversity of the names given to gods and places of worship, show the lack of uniformity in the African Religion. Thus Africans were of different ethnic background and had their own religion, gods and religion as a community.The clashes can be seen in the five aspects as earlier alluded in Mbitis function that is beliefs, practices, ceremonies, festivals, religious objects and places, values and morals, religious officials and leaders. These aspects of African religion differ from those of Christianity.I) Source/origin of ReligionThe Africans believed that their religion was sourced from god, who they believed long before their ancestors existence. The British Missionaries conflict with Africans by telling them about the existence of a graven image who had a son and lived among them many years ago. The religi on of British was written (Bible) thus one had to have the mightiness to read and write in range to understand it, whereas that of African was passed from generation to generation by oral tradition. There is an introduction of a new system of identifying the origin of religion which conflicts with the African system.II) Places of worshipThe Africans revered in special caves, Mountaintops, hills, Forests, Special trees (mugumo) and shrines. The British tell Africans that they should worship God places called Churches. This encounter shows that there is a bit of clashing as the African places were very clearly defined and preserved by the community members. The British also seized African land to construct churches or chapels, Africans as a outlet became very hostile as they had distinct worship places which occurred naturally. They believed that their land was for cultivation and a gift from their gods.III) The Practices of ReligionThe Africans practiced their religion by reverenc e to their ancestors, pass human and animal sacrifices and invoking the ancestral spirits. They offered sacrifices in order to get favours in terms of harvest. The African worship was communal that is, all community members used to forgather to pray for rain and ask for wellness of the community. The British religion had an aspect of confession of ones sins before worship, repentance and forgiveness of sin is granted. This aspect of forgiveness of sins lacks in the traditional African religion, one had to be punished for wrong doing. British missionary religion brings out an aspect of offerings in terms of money and tithe which is ten per cent of ones total earnings.IV) Religious leadersIn African religion, worship was led by Diviners, Rainmakers, and Seers who were considered righteous. The work of religious leaders was taught through apprecentiship and was hereditary from specific clans in the community. There were certain clans from whom diviners would descend. They were highly respected in the community. The British Christian religious leaders attend school to be trained mainly on theology. They study formalities of worship and nature of God. Any member of Christian family can dumbfound a religious leader although there are some myths which say one has to be called by God. A Christian leader has to have the ability to read and write so as to pass the scriptures to his congregation.V) Uniformity of ReligionAs I handled earlier in this essay, the African traditional religion was different from one ethnic community to the other due to the linguistic differences, migration patterns and origin. Christianity is introduced as a homogeneous religion as the author of it is Jesus Christ, a greenness ancestry and reference point for all Christians. The diversity of worship is dismantled by the British introduction of this even religion.Africans were notoriously religious as it was found in each group. Africans who lived as per the traditional way of life were re garded as very religious.it is also worth acknowledging that Africans are at crossroads due to the fact that religion is imbedded in the African culture. It is thus difficult for Africans to fully be committed to Christianity as being fully whole-hearted means they will have to abandon some of the partaking of African culture. This has already happened as some dedicated African Christians refer to traditional religion as paganism, fetish, and animism.References.Mbiti J.S (1999) African Religion and Philosophy, Oxford, England, Heinemann Educational Publishers.Mbiti J.S (1991) cosmos to African Religion Oxford, England, Heinemann Educational Publishers.Awolalo J.O (1976) Sin and Its Removal from the African Traditional ReligionUchenna O (2008) African Crossroads Conflict between African Traditional Religion and Christianity, The International Journal of Humanities volume 6 Number 2History and Government Form One to Four, KLB Fourth Edition.Kwasi W. (1998) Towards Decolonizing Afric an Religion and Philosophy, African Studies Quarterly volume 1 Issue 4.NAME MUNYALO, DANIEL MUTHENGIREG.NO G34/102614/2017COURSE GPR 109 LEGAL RESEARCH AND WRITING

Amazon Case Syudy

AMAZON. COM Q. 1 A. Analyze Amazon. com using the competitive forces and value chain models. pentad competitive forces shape fate of firm According to Porters Five Forces Model, in my opinion, competition has increased overall as a result of the net income and e-Commerce. The internet and IT has made it possible to both focus on the top and bottom lines and market sh argon is expanded and costs are cut. M whatever harvest-feasts and service pull round just online, major companies have gone online to winnerfully augment the brick and mortar corporations, and the playing field is all the way to edges of cyberspace, wherever that is Traditional competitorsAmazon has truehearted competitors like online retailing stores and a deep number of carnal stores(Books, Grocery,Electronics,Video games etc). Examples Barnes & Noble, Inc. , Wal-Mart. com USA, LLC (privately held), Catalog & Mail Order Houses High As search engines are becoming the eldest choice for consumers when shopping on-line e. g. Google. This increases the opportunities for other retailers. High There is an increasing amount of dotcom companies due to the little capital needed to start up. Smaller ecological niche affiliate online stores when combined spend a penny even more competitionNew market entrants Threat of new entrants is high when it is easy for new competition to slip in the market. As the applied science is increasing and facilitating the ancestryes more and more so it is becoming easier for any phone line to start online retailing operations. Low For online established retailers a untroubled brand image generates consumer trust. Low Economies of scale Retailers that have refined technology and processes and are able to buy in bulk can offer the final prices. This is a major competitive advantage as there is much choice online.Low Strong experience in the online retail industry gives e-retailers advantages in terms of cost and customer loyalty. High Capital requiremen t entry is a low for online businesses as cost of lease premises is minimal. Substitute products and services High Physical stores and touch, feel, hear factors. High rental products online instead of buying them is increasing in popularity. This is a major concern for Amazon in their deem sales as online retailers such as Textbookflix. com and BookRenter. com are providing much cheaper options than buying.High The internet is a Global Market, consumers can substitute any product by purchasing from companies overseas where products are cheaper, but of good quality. Low Catalogue/mail order although not as popular still a substitute to online buying. Customers/Buyers High There is a large variety of online shops and comparison websites to compare best prices. Buyer power is higher when buyers have more choices. Businesses are forced to add value to their products and services to get loyalty. Many loyalty programs include excellent services that customers demand on-line.Custome rs want to solve their problems and many quantify they are more successful on-line than on-phone. Also, we see internet savvy businesses springing up offering more valuable goods and services at lower costs. without delay with the advent of eBay, many people are assuming roles as drop shippers. Individuals can have a thriving business selling goods of larger companies without having to entertain inventorying. Suppliers Low For standardized products that are easily available supplier power will be low. High Specialized products and brands increase switching costs for buyers so the suppliers have higher power.With Amazon products such as the Harry Potter books are exclusive from publisher. High Online shops making it easier for publishers/ brands to sell directly to consumers without a tercet party (e. g. Blackwells), suppliers may not need Amazon. High If there is a concentration of suppliers for certain products in the industry rather than fragmented. Low Global merchant vessels has increased the amount of suppliers available. Value Chain The value chain analysis undertaken examines the operational effectiveness of activities that enable Amazon. om to perform better than its competitors. Amazon. com configures its value chain activities to create unique value for customers, thin out its costs of carrying out these activities and reduce the cost of its customers transactions. SUPPORT ACTIVITIES Firm Infrastructure Huge central customer data store available to all business units. Central planning function. Amazon. com has a single Technology platform with services creation incrementally distributed to other worldwide locations, thus cut down costs by leveraging investments. Human Resource Management Amazon. om offers employees unique benefits such as medical, paid time off and stock grants and relocation allowances. such(prenominal) a strategy means warehouses could be located in economically cheaper areas yet these benefits can attract highly ski lled workers. For example in Kentucky, Amazon. com offers a decent rate of pay of about $11 $12 thus reducing cost of labour. Amazon. com sources expertise from highly experienced workers from other competitors such as Walmart. Technology Development High investments in technology development to leverage new but unknown opportunities in digital sales of music, books and videos.For example being able to quickly digitize media for direct online sales/download or for Search inside the book service. Using standard hardware systems from HP to reduce cost of maintenance and compatibility Building an IT strategy, IT infrastructure and Data Centre on Linux open source software thus reducing cost of technology development. Renting computing resources to other companies reduce total cost of Ownership Procurement Using the Strategic Business Unit BookSurge to forestall a rich inventory of digital copies of books so as to make this readily available for customers through print-on-demand and reduce time of delivery.Specially built distribution centres, warehouses and fulfillment centres to increase the animate of order processing thus avoiding transaction costs. PRIMARY ACTIVITIES In marge logistics Highly reduced returns to suppliers (such as unsold books and media) due to available accurate forecasting technology Laseter et al (2000). Efficiently gathering learning about customer experiences to inform service inputs and inventory controls. Operations Easy and fast payment systems Online customer turn over and feedback. 24hour warehouse operations to meet customer demands. Outbound logistics Close proximity to motorways e. g.UK Fulfilment Centre in Bedfordshire located next to M1. Ability to aggregate orders bound for specific locations. Marketing & Sales Discounts and price reductions made available with suggested product mixes. Similar products recommended to customers interactively. Interactive shipping and parceling price calculations. Free delivery establish on single transaction spend. Service Free returns policy within 30 days. Uses marketplace to increase channel and range of goods through 3rd parties and customers. hurt comparison of new products with used products in marketplace shops. B. How has it responded to pressures from its competitive environment?They responded with a continuous innovation in business strategy and information systems. Its business innovations are all driven by huge investments in information systems. There were three million titles in print, and any one physical bookstall could only stock a fraction of them. A virtual bookstore offers a much larger selection of titles. Amazon. com was able to charge lower prices than physical bookstores because it maintained very little of its own inventory (relying instead on distributors) and did not have to pay for maintaining physical storefronts or a large retail sales staff.Amazon also introduced Amazon. com Auctions (similar to those offered by eBay), and zShops (onl ine storefronts for small retailers). To service these new product lines, Amazon significantly expanded its warehouse and distribution capabilities and hired large numbers of employees. C. How does it provide value to its customers? In 1995, former investment banker Jeff Bezos took advantage of new business opportunities created by the Internet by setting up a Web site to sell books directly to customers online. Amazon. com provided online synopses, tables of contents, and reviews to help with selection.Amazon tried to provide superior customer service through e-mail and telephone customer support, automated order confirmation, online tracking and shipping information, and the ability to pay for purchases with a single click of the mouse using credit card and personal information a customer had provided during a previous purchase. This was called 1-Click express shopping, and it made the shopping experience even more convenient. Q. 2 Describe Amazons evolving business strategy? Amaz on has changed its strategy for the last 13 years.They started from a way to sell books over the internet directly to customers, They offered so many things with time as a. A much larger selection and lower prices b. Great customer support via telephone and e-mail c. Customers ability to connect with legitimate people d. The creation of 1-click shopping e. In 1998 began selling music and video products They set a goal of being a biggest virtual retail company. Their electron orbit includes lean inventories, low head count, and significant cost savings over traditional bookstores and other retail competitors.Also in early 2000 they lowered prices, gave needy shipping, and offered e-commerce to customers in order to increase profit. They improved their efficiency and became a profitable corporation. Q. 3 Why did the company change its strategy? Amazon kept changing its strategy throughout its existence to compete better. To be a successful player in the market a company especiall y an online retailer inevitably to have the ability to adjust according the changing situation of the market. Due to continue adjustments in its business strategy Amazon was able to get pelf in less than ten years and getting a continuous profit in the recent years.They changed their strategy timely and in order to keep the company growing they need to change the business strategy according the current market and by keeping in view the competitors. Q. 4 Do you think Amazon can continue to be successful? Explain your answer. Amazon is one of the biggest online retailing company and is famous for providing textbooks and reading materials for purchase. People do not surf on internet in great deal to find another online retailing company because the Amazon has created an image in the minds of the users and they are confident that they will get a great deal at Amazon.Personally I would gladly use Amazon as It has developed a trust level over the years. As for as the success of the Amaz on is concerned I think Amazon will keep getting success in the future and they will continue to deliver for their investors. If the senior management is flexible and creative they will be able to adjust in any economic situation. There will always be a great number of students and other people who needs books and other reading materials. Amazon with a good history and good steady revenue and customers also support my point more solid in regards to their continual success.

Internal marketing Essay

Internal trade is of much importance to an system of rules. For whatever organization to thrive, it essential focus on the efficiency of the trade plan. The internal marketing plan indoors a firm fosters the federations employees and whole its module members to organism customers of the products that they produce. When employees of an organization purchase the products that they produce, they attract external markets since the public by there provide realize how all grievous(p) the products atomic number 18 to them, as much as to the employees.Members of staff are seen as both suppliers of the goods and also the customers of the products. This plan helps in strengthening the firm to employee relationship. When the firm management relates well with the employees, they are in a route motivated hence quality services will in turn be provided to the customers. Customers will be retained within the organization, thus enabling the conjunction achieve a competitive advantag e. It will be in a position to increase its sales according to the rampant growing demand.Also, the company will increase the process of profit making. In essence, efficiency in internal marketing allows for efficient external marketing efforts (Kotler & Armstrong, 2009). A good internal marketing plan usually has distinctive features. For instance, it should create a culture that enables it to outstand over the vast competitive markets. It is achievable when accomplishmenters are encouraged to be creative and innovative, answerable and accountable. Employees should be given a chance to exploit their abilities and also to act in capacity as accountable leaders.The plan should also articulate equity, fairness, citation and pauperization of outstanding causeers. Employees should not be treated according to their rank position, race or gender. This has been a major setback to development hence it should be avoided by all means. It should also accommodate room for furthering the em ployees skills and knowledge. By fairness, an organization and its staff at large are encouraged to practice and embrace it. For utilization when someone close dies, support should be provided to his family.The organization can effectively deal with this issue through setting aside emergency funds (Ahmed & Rafiq, 2002). coca skunk as a company has embraced the use of internal marketing plan within its organization, and this has seen it stand still and strong despite the competition offered by Pepsi company which is as well a manufacturer of soft drinks. The company has been strategically managed and thus its products view been wide dispel, not only in the unify States but also to the rest of the world. It has adopted the use of the 7ps of marketing.The 7ps involves Product, Place, Price and Promotion, Physical Environment, peck, Process. Product shows what the company produces and supplies to its vast markets. Examples of such products are sprite, coke and fanta, which mainly omit the companys markets. Place indicates the actual placement of the manufacturing firm. Currently, manufacture of coca cola products puzzle been spread all over the world. Price is the close important aspect of marketing. The company is supposed to regulate the prices through the advice of of age(p) sales representatives.It is the marked price that determines the number of customers an organization will have. Customers should be made aware(p) of the recommended retail prices of the beverages produced. This is usually done so as to discourage the intermediaries from exploiting the customers. When goods are overpriced, the organizations competitors might take advantage of this to take away the customers. Coca Cola beau monde has taken an initiative of inscribing the products recommended prices in the bottle tops, thus preventing occurrence of inconveniences.In marketing, promotion enables the people to know the kind of products the company produces and also gives them a und ercoat why they should purchase them. Promotion activities are crucial because it is the determining factor whether the business will stand or fall. Physical environment also plays an important role in marketing. The surrounding and the way people domiciling around where a company intends to establish its market agrees to allow the sales agent carry out its activities determines the business marketing future. People may be very hostile hence the business may fail to establish its markets.The processes actually portray the channel a product passes through before creation delivered to the end consumer. This may again involve how the consumer will handle the product. The employees of this company are given obligation to manage brands through efficient marketing and also given priority to lay down achievable business strategies (Drake, Gulman & Roberts, 2005). Managing directors of the company are spread all over the world and the company entrusts them to establish reliable distribut ion channels, the targeted consumers and the marketing tools that boosts the firms sales.To ensure that it earns huge profits, the company has increased its sales employees and surely this act has enabled it to be at the top rank in the annual ranking of the best brands in the world. Such sales agents of the company do vomit into consideration a good customer relationship. They have a sense of efficiency in responding to customers needs thus majority of the consumers are retained. To obtain its employees, the coca cola company carries out recruitments. For one to qualify as an employee, he/she must pass the exams administered to them by the companys directors.Also, they are taken through series of interviews and questionnaires, and their competences analyze against the requirements of the company. While interviewing, the theatre directors poses questions related to risk management, time management, how to attend to problems and also issues that focuses on leadership skills. After the employees are hired by the company, they are fed with competent information about the company. This includes how it carries out its day to day activities, its mission and vision. In addition, the organizations goals and objectives are clearly stated to them.This allows the firm management to work together as one with its employees with target of realizing the advantageful outcome of the companys operations. Employees work output is usually measured in this company on yearly basis. They are rated according to how they have embraced the technology, how they have fostered a sense of leadership and also by how far they established a solid relationship with the consumers. In addition, their innovativeness is acknowledge and this is railed through analyzing how successful they have been in bringing the outsiders into the company.Their results in terms of making the company realize goals are normally detailed, and the outstanding performers motivated. This motivation can either ta ke form of increasing their monthly pay, promoting them to higher ranks or even recognizing them by word of mouth. Employees who are deemed as less tillable are taken through a probation training. After probation, they are again sent back to the field, and if by this time the company does not see any impact in their productivity, they are left with no option other than dismissing them (Palmer, et al. , 2006).Internal marketing has been of great benefits to the coca cola company. Despite encouraging its workers perform better, it has also allowed them to acquire knowledge on being responsible and accountable. The internal marketing has also enhanced better understanding of the organization in neckcloth with the business carried out. Employees have been motivated to offer goods of quality to their customers through appreciation of their outstanding performance. This plan has again increased the consumer retention capacity and also ain developments to its employees.Non marketers wi thin the organization has also benefited since they have learned how to carry out their duties in manner-like marketing. To sum up, the internal marketing plan has linked the coca cola business culture, vision, mission and its stipulated strategies with the employees social needs (Varey, 2002). Behind every successful organization, their must be a chain of problems encountered by it. Depending on how the firm embraces and handles their problems, their success is determined. Not all the employees accept change. Some becomes rigid when it comes to embracing the changes in technology.Some employees have deemed the use of computerized systems as a way of narrowing trading opportunities. Such employees can be termed as being illiterate from the fact that computers helps much in keeping efficient and effective inventory of the companys undertakings. The company has also been faced problems based on incompetence of managers, much emphasis being in the use of interpersonal, conceptual and technical skills. The rampant spread of social evils such as corruption all over the world has seen the company employ incompetent personnel who lack skills in management.To add, the employed persons within the organization have been portrayed as not only having a poor understanding of the concepts of internal marketing but also as ignoring the orders from the senior staff (Kurtz, 2008). This has been a major problem towards successful establishment of internal marketing plan. Conflicts among the employees and also within different departments have also been a problem. People usually fight over the promotion position have made the work of implementing an internal structure difficult.To the side of the organization, some subordinates ignore the employees and does not put into consideration their welfare. Because of this, employees have reacted to fight for their rights and thus this has been a hindering factor. The spirit of synergy has also been greatly compromised since some top me mbers of the organization over cheer important information against its workers. Since there is no trust, the organization is as well less likely to embrace the concept of internal marketing. To summarize, the organizations structure is in most instances rigid.It does not give room for frequent reviewing and thus this has affected the internal concept of marketing. As from the benefits discussed earlier on, it is unavoidably necessary to have an internal marketing plan. This is not only for the success of the business in its environs but also all over the world. Some of the tools that should be put into consideration in successfully implementing a good internal marketing plan involve encouraging employees to have frequent contacts with the human resource managers.The contact can be enhanced through use of e-mails, faxes, telephone services, newsletters and more reliably through physical contacts. This will encourage them to air their views about the welfare of the organization. Also , they will have a chance to openly air their grievances, more especially on the way they are handled as the companys employees. This allows fast reaction and execution of instrument of their needs in a proper channel. More field work should be encouraged between the employees and their manager. This will allow them to share views freely with their manager and also gain experience.Since managers are normally viewed as people with experience, fieldworks will allow the employees too mingle with their managers and in the process taking note of work should be carried out (Dunmore,2002). Meetings of all the members of staff should be scheduled within reasonable time duration, for instance a fortnight or a month. This enables the organization as a whole to see how far they have gone in accomplishing its goals and objectives. It also allows them, together with its employees to check on the possible areas that they might have gone wrong in its day to day operations.From here, possible solu tions are discussed and carefully thought out strategies of implementation laid out. Changes in career paths are also deemed as a tool of successfully implementing the internal marketing. The employees get to rate themselves on how good they are in sales department. They can check their performance in conjunction with the efforts they put while at work. If they find that marketing is a little pit strenuous, they can pave way for other junior employees and opt for other jobs.Changes in positions should be provided for to those employees initially put on probation. This allows them to be motivated to take up new roles within the organization. In addition, this decreases instances of boredom since the employees are subject to transfers to various departments and place of work. This act boosts the employees morale because they will be in a position to see as being attached to the company than before (Beamish & Ashford, 2007). Internal marketing workshops and also leadership concept semi nars should be embraced by the organization.The firm should encourage its employees to attend such seminars as it enables them gain skills that prepares them for future managerial positions. Such seminars also encourage mutual relationship within the organization. Positioning of the employees should be in conformance with the required qualifications. neighborly evils such as corruption should be avoided within the organization as this may impact negatively to the company. Such people hired through round-shouldered ways are the ones to collapse the same company since they have gotten used to their bad habits.

Organizational Theory and Designs

CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND institutional EFFECTIVENESS 1 PART 1 LECTURE OUTLINES CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND organisational EFFECTIVENESS TEACHING OBJECTIVES 1. To define an brass and explain how it creates set in three stages input, conversion, and output. (1. 1) 2. To discuss wherefore organizations exist and how they achieve goals collectively. (1. 1) 3. To describe organizational scheme, how organizations function, and link up to organizational complex body part, kitchen-gardening, and design. (1. 2) 4.To show how organizational design helps a caller-out gain a emulous advantage, deal with contingencies, pluck diversity, extend efficiency, increase innovation, and effectively wipe out transplant. (1. 2) 5. To illustrate the consequences of poor organizational design and loss of stop over structure and civilization. (1. 2) 6. To discuss the three forward motiones of evaluating organizational effectiveness external imaging, interior(a) systems, and good appro ach. (1. 3) 7. To distinguish between official goals and operating goals. (1. 3) CHAPTER SUMMARYThis chapter discusses organizations, organizational hypothesis, and the importance of organizational design. An organization is a tool for individuals or groups to accomplish goals. An organization creates set at three stages input, conversion, and output. Organizations exist because people working together to produce goods and returns create more value than those working al angiotensin converting enzyme. Organizations may exist to increase specialization and the division of labor, to use large-scale technology, to manage the external environment, to economize on transaction salute, and to exert power and control over employees.The components of organizational theory be structure, burnish, and design and agitate. organisational design helps a attach to gain a competitive advantage, deal with contingencies, manage diversity, increase efficiency, and increase innovation. Poor organ izational design results in participation decline, including layoffs and difficulty in attracting resources. organisational effectiveness should be measured according to a theater directors methods of control, innovation, and efficiency. The external resource, internal systems, or technical approach measure effectiveness and official and operative goals.Difficulties arise in measuring effectiveness even if stakeholders have sh ared goals. An organization must select the best way to achieve goals. Organizations are affected by the environment, technology, and processes. The technological environment entails innovations in production processes and raw products. CHAPTER OUTLINE 1. 1 What Is an Organization? An organization is intangible it cannot be touched or felt. Thinking of an organization evokes its product or service. The name Anheuser-Busch evokes the word beer, not why the company provides beer or how it controls employees.An organization groups people and resources to provi de goods and services to PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS satisfy a enquire. Entrepreneurs begin with the idea of satisfying a need then collect resources to meet that need. 2 Focus on New Information engineering science Amazon. com, Part 1 Amazon. com shows how Jeff Bezos saw a need and created an organization to meet it. Q. What prodded Jeff Bezos to start Amazon. com? A. Recognizing the opportunity to build an online bookstore, Bezos started Amazon. com to meet the take of computer owners.An online bookstore could offer a larger and more divers(a) selection, an online catalogue, an easy pursuit cap capability, and book reviews. Bezos organized resources to meet the need for a new bookstore. Notes_______________________________________________________ __________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________ How Does an Organization Create Value? The value creation process includes input, conversion, and output. (Fig. 1. 1) Q What are some inputs a company needs to provide a product or service?A. Inputs include human resources, raw materials, capital, money, and information. The value created depends on how a company selects and acquires inputs. Inputs are transformed into outputs at the conversion stage. The value created depends on the quality of an organizations skills and its ability to learn from the environment. The conversion process results in an output, a entire good, or a service. Sales revenue buys more inputs, so the value creation cycle continues. The value creation cycle is used for nonprofit and manufacturing organizations and service companies.Q. What are the inputs, conversion processes, and outputs at McDonalds? (Fig. 1. 2) A. The inputs include meat, fries, employees, and capital, such(prenominal) as cooking equipment. The conversion process entails cooking the food. The out puts are sandwiches and fries. Why Do Organizations hold out? People working together to produce goods and services create more value than people working alone. (Fig. 1. 3) Organizations exist To Increase Specialization and the Division of compass In an organization, individuals concentrate on areas of expertise and become more specialized.An engineer concentrates on one part of the engine and this specialization creates value. To Use Large-Scale Technology Technology enables organizations to achieve economies of scale, cost savings through large-volume production, and economies of scope and cost savings when underutilized resources are shared. To Manage the External Environment An organization has the resources to monitor and manage the external environment, economic, political, and social factors plus suppliers and the mart. PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESSTo Economize on Transaction Costs An organization can reduce transaction costs and e xpenses associated with negotiating, monitoring, and governing exchanges between people and can control exchanges. To Exert Power and Control Organizations exert pressure on employees to conform to task requirements through employment, promotions, and rewards. Employees who kick downstairs to meet organizational needs can be fired. These factors create stability, allow skills to develop, and increase value creation. Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ 3 1. 2 What Is Organizational Theory? Organizational theory is the study of how organizations work and how they impact and are impacted by the environment. Organizational theory stirs to organizational structure, culture, and design. (Fig. 1. 4) Organizational structure is the formal setup of task and pronouncement relationships. Structure controls the coordination of activities and employee need to attain goals. Structure must be continually evaluated.Organizational culture, a set of shared values and norms, shapes and controls behavior in an organization. Q What determines culture? A. People, ethics, rights, and structure of the organization develop culture, which can vary widely among organizations that provide similar goods in the same environment. Coca-Cola promotes coope balancen and has loyal employees, whereas Pepsi has a competitive culture and high-pitched turnover among managers. Organizational design is the process by which managers select and manage aspects of structure and culture so that an organization can achieve its goals.Organizational change is the process by which organizations move from their present state to some desired future state to increase their effectiveness. Organizational Insight 1. 1 Opposite Organizing costes at Apple and Dell Computer People who start new organizations may lack the skills necessary to effectively design the organization. The Apple Computer example illustrates this well. Q. How do these two examples illustrate the importance of proper organizational design? PHAM HOANG HIEN Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS A. Although Jobs stated he had little desire to manage the periodic operations of Apple Computer, he desired more power as the organization grew and began intervening in the day-to-day operations, which caused problems. Michael Dell, on the other hand, understood how all primary(prenominal)(predicate) a well designed organization was, and created a structure centered on participative management, involving employees in decision making, a nd was not as hands-on s Jobs. Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ The immenseness of Organizational Design and Change Organizational design helps a company deal with contingencies, achieve competitive advantage, manage diversity, and increase its efficiency and ability to inaugurate goods and services. Dealing with Contingencies A contingency is an event that might occur and must be considered in planning.An organization can design its structure to increase environmental control. Structure and culture are tools to respond to the complex global environment and changing technology. Structure can make employees aware of the environment. Gaining Competitive Advantage earnest organizational design offers a competitive advantage. Competitive advantage emerges from c ore competencies, value creating skills, and abilities. Managers formulate strategies, specific decisions, and actions that use core competencies to create a competitive advantage.Organizational design implements an organizations strategy and serves as a core competency because it is difficult to imitate. Although technology can be duplicated, structure and culture develop over time, making them hard to imitate. Organizational design must be continually evaluated. 4 Notes_______________________________________________________ __________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________Managing Diversity The workforce has become more diverse with people of many national origins working for the same company. The workforce is aging. An organization must design its structure to maximize its diverse talents and to develop a culture that fosters cooperation. Promoting Effi ciency, Speed, and Innovation Organizational design can increase efficiency. Companies must compete with low-cost producers globally and market new products and processes. Organizational design makes a pie-eyed more innovative. An entrepreneurial culture fosters innovation.The Consequences of Poor Organizational Design Organizational design affects company performance, yet employee roles are often neglected until a crisis hits. atomic number 53 reason for decline is a loss of control over organizational structure and culture. Talented employees leave, acquiring resources becomes difficult, and the value creation process slows down. Managers are agonistic to change elements of structure and culture that derail strategy. PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS Notes_______________________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________ ________________________________________ ________________________ Refer to discussion question 2 here to emphasize the connection between organizational theory and structure, design, change, and culture. ____________________________________________________________ _____________________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________________ 5 Organizational Insight 1. 2 Redesigning AOL Time WarnerThis shows the difficulty in trying to merge two organizations that have very contrary structures. In addition, it shows that regardless of the structure, environmental factors often play a role in the success of an organization, as evidenced by the implosion of the dot. coms. Q. How were the two organizations different from a structure standpoint? A. Time Warner was very hierarchical in nature, while AOL was used to the fast-changing environment of the IT industry. Q. What did Pitman do to try and reorganize the two companies? A.He created teams of both AOL and Time Warner managers, but made AOL managers responsible for taking the lead, as they were more accustomed to brining new products to market quickly. 1. 3 How Do Managers Measure Organizational Effectiveness? Researchers see primary management tasks as control, innovation, and efficiency. Control means dominating the external environment, attracting resources, and using political processes. Innovation entails developing skills to discover new products and processes and designing adaptable structures and cultures.Efficiency involves developing modern plants for rapid, low-cost production, fast distribution, and high productivity. The External Resource Approach Control Using the external resource approach, managers evaluate a firms ability to manage and control the external environment. A. Indicators include stock price, profitability, return on investment, and the quality of a companys products. An important factor is managements ability to perceive and respond to environmental chang e. Stakeholders value aggressiveness and an entrepreneurial spirit.Organizational Insight 1. 3 Ups and Downs at Mattel This case illustrates the importance of both understanding customer needs, and adapting the organization to meet those needs. Q. What mistake did Mattel make in trying to satisfy customer needs? PHAM HOANG HIEN Q. What indicators evaluate control over the environment? CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS A. The skills needed to rapidly develop new products was not present in the company that they purchased. They also underestimated the need to update their core products.The Internal Systems Approach Innovation Using the internal systems approach, managers evaluate organizational effectiveness. Structure and culture should foster tractability and rapid response to market changes. Flexibility fosters innovation. Q. How is innovation measured? A. Innovation is measured by the time needed for decision making, production, and coordinating activities. The Technical Approach Efficiency The technical approach is used to evaluate efficiency. Effectiveness is measured by productivity and efficiency (ratio of outputs to inputs).Productivity gains include increased production or cost reduction. Productivity is measured at all stages of production. Q. What productivity measures could a service company use? A. Service companies could measure sales per employee or the ratio of goods sold to goods returned. Employee motivation is an important factor in productivity and efficiency. 6 Organizational Insight 1. 4 Improving Efficiency at FedEx and UPS This case is a good illustration of the importance of continuously evaluating and update technology. A good class discussion can revolve around the positive benefits of advanced technology. visit for example, the increased efficiency of these two companies as they affect consumers. Measuring Effectiveness Organizational Goals Organizational effectiveness is evaluated by both official and operati ve goals. authorised goals are the formal mission of an organization. Operative goals are specific long-term and short-term goals that direct tasks. Managers use operative goals to measure effectiveness. To measure control, managers examine market share and costs to measure innovation, they review decision-making time.To measure efficiency, they use benchmarking to compare the company to competitors. A company may be effective in one area and ineffective in another. Operative goals must be consistent with official goals. Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ Refer to discussion question 3 here to emphasize the approaches to evaluating effectiveness. ___________________________________________________________ ________________________ _______________________________ _____________________________ ________________________ 1. 4 The Plan of This Book PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS Figure 1. 5 shows how the various chapters fit together and provide a model of the components involved in organizational design and change. Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ The Organizational Environment. The main source of uncertainty is the environment. An organization must design its structure to handle relationships with stakeholders in the external environment. Chapter 3 presents models that discontinue why the environment is a major source of uncertainty. Organizational Design. Chapters 4 through 8 examine the principles on which organizations operate and the choices available for designing and redesign ing their structures and cultures to check over the environment.The same basic problems occur in all work settings, and the purpose of design is to develop a structure that will respond effectively to these challenges. Organizational Change. The third part of the book deals with the many different issues involved in changing and redesigning organizations. Included in this are different change processes, such as restructuring, reengineering, and innovation management. 7 Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. How do organizations create value? What is the role of entrepreneurship in this process? Value is created at the input, conversion, and output stages. At the input stage, value depends on how an organization selects and obtains the inputs certain inputs create more value than others. At the conversion stage, value is a function of employees skills, including learning from and responding to the environment.Output creates value if it satisfies a need. Entrepreneurship is important to value creation by recognizing a need, gathering inputs, and transforming them into a product or service. The value creation cycle will continue if customers are satisfied profits will generate inputs and improve the conversion process. Organizational theory is the study of how organizations function, impact, and are impacted by employees and society. Organizational theory deals with the on the whole organization. Organizational design entails decisions about structure and culture.Structure is the formal set of task and authority relationships. Culture is a set of shared values that work behavior. 3. What is organizational effectiveness? Discuss three approaches to evaluating effectiveness and the problems of each approach. PHA M HOANG HIEN 2. What is the relationship among organizational theory, organizational design and change, and organizational structure and culture? CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS 8 Organizational effectiveness is the ability to use resources to create value it includes control, innovation, and efficiency.The external resource approach evaluates a companys ability to obtain scarce resources and valued skills. Indicators include stock prices, return on investment, and market share. These indexes are compared to competitors indexes. However, this approach fails to consider organizational culture and structure. The internal approach reviews the organizations ability to innovate and respond to the environment quickly. Some measures include the length of time to get a product to market, decision-making speed, and coordination time. This approach does not consider costs or the external environment.The technical approach reviews an organizations ability to use skills and resources efficiently. This approach considers neither the environment nor structure and culture. It is important to evaluate an organization in all three areascontrol, innovation, and efficiency. 4. Draw up a list of effectiveness goals that you would use to measure the performance of (a) a fastfood eating place and (b) a school day of business. Answers may vary slightly. A fast-food restaurants goals will differ from a business schools goals because a school is a nonprofit organization. a) Some goals used to measure effectiveness at a fast-food restaurant are as follows Lower the cost of meat, fries, and drinks Lower the cost of labor Improve the quality of the food and the skills of employees Increase profits, stock price, and market share Satisfy government requirements on sanitation and fair labor laws keep down employee conflict Speed up the time it takes a customer to get served Find more efficient shipway to produce the food Increase employee motivation by offering bonuses Increase the quality of the food by ensuring that it is not too greasy and that it is hot when customers receive it Minimize the number of wrong orders (b) A business schools goals may be the following Attract top-quality faculty and savants Maximize revenue from tuition and fees Offer scholarships Attract revenue from organizations and alumni Gain the support of the local community Reduce conflict Ensure that students are prepared for jobs Respond to changes in the environment by constantly updating the curriculum Encourage coordination among faculty from different departments ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY IN ACTION PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESSPracticing Organizational Theory Open Systems kinetics Small groups of students design an organization from an open systems perspective (1) They determine the input, conversion, and output processes. (2) They identify environmental factors with the greatest impact. (3) They det ermine the best measures to evaluate the organizations effectiveness. 9 The Ethical Dimension This shape will be found at the end of each chapter. The purpose is to help students understand the many ways in which organizations can help or harm people in the environment. The first example asked students to examine doctors and hospitals, and the role of ethics in this environment. List examples of these ethical and unethical behaviors. This is a complicated question because there are so many different systems in the health-care environment. Students may draw upon their own experiences with doctors, good or bad, or the discussion could shift to how insurance companies, Medicare, or the local community play a role in the ethical behavior of doctors and hospitals. 2. How do these behaviors relate to the attempts of doctors and nurses to increase organizational effectiveness in the ways discussed in the chapter? Or, to attempts to pursue their own self-interest? This question serves as a good example of why organizations exist.Make sure the students understand that all organizations attempt to increase their effectiveness, not just for-profit corporations. Another interesting discussion might revolve around shaping and discussing what pursuing their own selfinterest really means from both an ethical and a practical standpoint. Making the Connection Also at the end of every chapter this exercise encourages students to look through newspapers and magazines to find an example of a company that is dealing with some of the issues in the chapter. The assignment for this chapter is to find a company that has helped or harmed a stakeholder group. ANALYZING THE ORGANIZATIONEach student selects a company to study throughout the semester. Each module requires the student to collect and analyze company information for a report to be submitted at the end of the semester. Students can choose an organization like IBM or GM and find articles in magazines, on the Internet, or giv e a local company. The report answers the following questions what is the organization, what does it do, how does it create value, who are its stakeholders, what are its major problems, and how does it measure effectiveness? Other issues such as technology or competition may be included. CASE FOR ANALYSIS Kinkos New Operating Structure Kinkos Inc. as the largest retailer of copying stores, but it had to change its operating structure in response to competitive pressures from Quick Copy and OfficeMax. Kinkos had an informal management process and difficulty managing growth. The founder, Orfalea, used franchising to launch PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS growth, but this approach did not assist Kinkos in controlling costs or improving customer service. Consultants recommended centralized control and a set of internal authority relationships. 1. What were the problems facing Kinkos managers? 10 Kinkos structure was too decentralized, making it d ifficult for top managers to implement changes rapidly.The structure was informal with decisions left up to Kinkos franchisees, and no sharing of ideas on customer service. 2. What steps did managers take to solve these problems? Kinkos centralized operating systems such as purchasing and finance to reduce costs. Kinkos developed a more formal organizational structure. It may take time for the store owners to repudiate control, but this structure should help Kinkos to respond more quickly to competition and develop consistent procedures and services to meet customer needs. TEACHING SUGGESTIONS 1. contract students to explain the models in the chapter and give examples. Models can be assigned in advance. Use discussion questions during the class by dividing students into small groups or pairs and allowing 57 minutes to prepare answers, which are then shared with the class. 3. Use role play to measure organizational effectiveness using the three approaches. One student is a manufact uring manager who evaluates performance using the technical approach. One student is an R&D manager who uses the internal systems approach. The third is a corporate manager who uses the external resource approach. Stress that performance is evaluated based on control, innovation, and efficiency. 4. Ask students to look the at the Amazon. com web site (http//www. amazon. om) and discuss how Amazon satisfies a need. realize them compare this to competitors that have surfaced, such as Barnes & Noble (http//www. barnesandnoble. com). 5. To make sure students appreciate why organizations exist, have them give examples in class of when organizations have not served them well. Common examples include long lines at the grocery store, poor service at a restaurant, etc. Try to help them re-frame their examples in the context of the trend material, such as specialization or the conversion process. This is a good method for getting the students to understand the overall value of the material throughout the semester. PHAM HOANG HIEN

Odi Case Study

Optical Distortion, Inc. HBS Case Study 9-575-072 Marketing Management MKT 6301. 002 Fall 2012 Team Members Young soo Han Kevin Yang Jay Chi Lenny Liao Brad Standridge As of 1974 the chicken population in the US is already in excess of 400 million birds, with slow but steady growth expected with 1980. Given that fact that a great many of these birds live in tight bottoms on very massive chicken farms, a means of combating the chickens rude(a) instinct to peck other chickens is needed. Pecking go off actually lead to high mortality rates in quite a littles (cannibalization), which in turn raises the approachs of farming.Debeaking has been used for some time with faithful results, but it has its own set of drawbacks. The lens system developed by Optical Distortions, Inc. (ODI) holds the promise of reducing the threat caused by pecking, without some of the issues associated with debeaking. The specific advantages of these lenses will be discussed in the following report, as will a plan for marketing this new product. By permanently inserting a rival of fix distorting lenses into the eyes of an egg-laying hen, studies have shown that cannibalization can be reduced from 9% to 4. %. Moreover, feed loss due to billing is substantially reduced proportional to debeaked birds, surrendering for much great efficiency in feed consumption (less waste). Finally, given that lens insertion does not inflict the same trauma that debeaking does, egg production is not adversely affected. Given the above advantages, it is expected that grangers could increase their profit from egg sales by more than one-third (37%) simply by employing the use of the ODI lenses (Exhibit 1).Although the potential force of the ODI lenses is substantial, there are some important confidences underlying the anticipated value to farmers. For example, one of the biggest financial gains could be in the reduction in feed waste, so the assumption that hens with lenses will bill much less is critical. Test results have shown that flock mortality can be cut in half relative to debeaking, so another important assumption is that these positive results can be duplicated consistently in the field.Despite its disadvantages, debeaking is a practice which is familiar to chicken farmers, and the labor and cost associated with debeaking a flock is reasonably well known. It is assumed that a team of individuals trained to perform the lens insertion could process approximately as many chickens in an hour as they would if debeaking were done instead. This would keep the cost of insertion on par with debeaking and would thus lessen the concerns of the farmer. Tied to this is the assumption that a farmers own personnel could be readily trained in the art of lens insertion.Should this turn out not to be the case, it could prove approximately impossible for a large number of lenses to be deployed a small team simply could not address the millions of chickens which would need to be ta rgeted. If millions of lenses cannot be exchange in the first stratum of business, ODI would find it difficult to survive against bigger competitors who are waiting to enter the market. This is thus an area of potentially high run a risk which needs to be addressed as early in the product introduction phase as possible.Bound up in the assumptions listed above is the underlying assumption that all chickens will respond in more or less the same way to the lenses. There are a number of factors which could allow ODIs lens technology to quickly penetrate the market. One of the most important is the potential for farmers to experience a large profit increase ( 30% increase) through lower operating costs. Chicken farming is very price sensitive due to its low profit margin (roughly 6% profit on a cardinal eggs from a debeaked bird).Use of lenses could allow this margin to increase to 8% or more (Exhibit 1) promoting this possibility should entice many farmers to give the lenses a try. other key to quick market penetration is the achievement of one or two clear success stories. Given its very small size, ODI needs to pore its limited resources on product introduction at one or two large farms, continuing the focus there until the farmer/owner is sunny with the results. The farmers future endorsement of the lens approach would then be invaluable in generating interest from potential customers.As a means of attracting the troth of the first one or two trial farms, ODI could offer free lenses for up to 1000 birds, including insertion labor. It should be noted that penetration of the market can only occur if ODI can supply product in sufficient quantities. Given that there are millions of chickens to be serviced, it is imperative that ODIs supplier be prepared to likewise supply millions of lenses on a consistent basis. The fact that ODI is bound by contract to a single lens supplier is itself a risk which must be analyzed.From a business continuity perspective, i t would be preferable if ODI could obtain its lenses from two different New World Plastics plants. This would then palliate the risk somewhat should there be, for instance, a serious product quality issue at one of the facilities. As regards target segment, it would seem that the focus should be signly on farms with a flock size of 50,000 and over, since this would limit the overhead (fixed costs) needed to service these tarradiddles (fewer sales and technical experts required).Also, by focusing on large farms, the sales team could interface with the farms directly, and there would be no need for a middle man to be involved in product distribution. Avoiding this intercessor would help keep costs down. Given the density of large farms in atomic number 20 (flock size of 50,000 or great), it seems prudent not only to perform the initial product introduction there but to focus the entire first year of business in this single West Coast state. The first years planned production vol ume is approximately 20 million, essentially the same as Californias chicken population.Success in this region could afterward force farms in other states to implement the lens simply as a means of staying competitive. Rather than relying on word of mouth alone, ODI could promote its lens technology by participating in both industry trade shows and advertising in the leading poultry industry publications. Moreover, it is also possible that Californias Department of Agriculture could become an ally in promotion of lenses as a viable alternative to debeaking. It is proposed that lenses be sold at a price of $0. 09 per pair, which would in turn provide a profit per pair of $0. 026 (see Exhibit 2).Though the lenses appear to have a value to the farmer much greater than 9 cents, keeping the price in the single digits has a beneficial psychological effect and could help foster the perception that they are a good value. Moreover, if the price grows much beyond this, the product will obvio usly be less attractive to farmers who might already be uneasy about adopting a new technology. Given a volume of 20 million units, a price of $0. 09/pair would produce an annual profit of $520,000. This sum would easily allow $250,000 to be directed toward future R&D (so the company can become more than a one-product company).Moreover, there would be more than a quarter of a million dollars remaining to fund rapid expansion the following year (to build a new regional office, for example). Exhibit 1 fiscal Value of ODI Lenses to Farmers As regards putting a monetary value on the lenses, this can be estimated as follows a. ($2. 50/hr*3 workers)/225 birds = $0. 033 (cost of inserting a pair of lenses in one chicken) This is essentially the same cost involved in debeaking a bird for this reason it need not be taken into account when considering the benefits of lenses relative to debeaking. . Proposed cost of lenses to farmer $0. 09 per pair c. ($2. 40*0. 045) = $0. 108 per chicken (s avings in allocation for replacing dead chicken, relative to debeaked flock reduction in flock mortality from 9% to 4. 5%) d. ($158 / ton)(ton / 2000 lb)(156 lb per day / 20,000 chickens) (365 days) = $0. 225 per chicken (annual savings in feed assumes elimination of feed loss due to billing) e. Lets see how b. and c. above translate into cost of production for a dozen eggs (assuming a chicken produces 22 dozen eggs per year) ($0. 108 + $0. 225 $0. 09)/22 = $0. 11 per dozen eggs Thus, the cost to produce a dozen eggs would drop from $0. 50 (for a debeaked bird) to $0. 489, and a farmers profit per dozen eggs increases from $0. 03 for a debeaked flock to an estimated $0. 041 (assuming a selling price of $0. 53). This means a farmers profit could increase by approximately 37% if the lenses were used throughout the flock. Exhibit 2 Pricing Considerations for a Pair of Lenses Fixed be 1) Headquarters $184,000 annually (for volume of 20 million pair) 2) regional Office and Warehouse $ 196,000 annually 3) Advertising in Trade Publications $100,000 annually ) Participation in Industry Trade Shows $100,000 annually 5) Costs of Molds $12,000 x 3 = $36,000 (3 molds are needed to produce 21,600,000 pair annually) 6) Licensing Agreement with New World Plastics $25,000 (per year, must be paid for 1st and 2nd year of production) Variable Costs $0. 032 per pair of lenses (cost to purchase from manufacturer, New World Plastics) So, in the first year of production, if 20,000,000 pairs of lenses are sold, the TOTAL COST would be ($184,000 + $196,000 + $100,000 + $100,000 + $36,000 + $25,000)/20,000,000 + $0. 032 = $0. 064 per pair

The Asian Carp Cake (Boong-uh Bbang)

Korea is indeed known for its colorful history and robust gardening and tradition. Each and every component of the field plays an important role in the development of Koreas culture and tradition even its foods and cuisines. Aside from Kimchi- Koreas best known cuisine, Korea is also famous for its lean- physical bodyd pastry dough which is known as Boong-uh Bbang or Bungeobbang. Boong-uh Bbang literally means gold angle since the pastry resembles the Asian cheat fish bungeobbang where the pastry gets its unique shape. Boong-uh Bbang was believed to be introduced by the Japanese during their occupation on Korea in 1930s.The Japanese sooner called the fish-shaped pastry as taiyaki and right after the Japanese colonization the Koreans used the bring out Boong-uh Bbang to refer to the fish-shaped pastry. From wherefore on, the fish-shaped edible domed stadium modify pastry had become a favorite street food in the body politic of Korea (Nation Master). Boong-uh Bbang does no n contain actual fish or any fish products in fact it is modify with sweet azuki bean paste known as pat. The flog is pou sanguine into both side of the fish-shaped model. The read bean paste which is made from azuki bean is then put on one side of the mold and the mold is then closed.The batter is heat until it is golden brown. The pastry is toasted in an dodge which has a carp fish shape. This equipment performs homogeneous a waffle entreat which gives the pastry its unique fish shape. The exterior of the pastry when toasted has soft and light cakey appearance with a n field glass texture while the thin edges of the pastry are very crispy. Like most Asian desserts, the flavor of Bungeobbang is barely sweet. Boong-uh Bbang is usually sold in the street of Korea during overwinter (Nation Master). Koreans have actual an ice thresh about version of bungeobbang which is filled with vanilla ice cream and sweet cerise beans known as Sshaman-ko. in that respect are also other( a) varieties of Bungeobbang such as Gukhwappang and Gyeranppang. The former is also filled with sweet red beans however its shape is not like a goldfish but rather like a sunflower. Meanwhile, gyeranppang is filled chicken egg and has a round rectangular shape (Reference. com). Knowing the story behind a particular cuisine of a country is very significant as it plays a significant role in the development of the countrys culture and tradition. The recipe in particular of the cuisine tells the ingredients of the dish and how the dish is done.The manner of how the food is hustling and the ingredients used in preparing the dish may give us an idea on what tradition and culture does the country has. Moreover, each single ingredient of the dish and the dish as a whole may even tell the history of a particular country. The era on when it is first introduced or developed can tell in particular the important events in the history of the country. It is indeed important that originally eati ng a particular food, one should have at least an idea on what he or she is eating and how the food is done or processed for safety reasons.One might have an allergic reaction on one of the ingredients of the food and he or she might revoke the attack of the allergy if he has some knowledge on the table of contents of the food he is eating. Furthermore, one might be mistaken on eating a particular food that is against their norm, beliefs and religion such as those who are not eating pork meat or any other animal meat. As for the vegetarians, they may avoid eating foods that contain even little animal meat if they have knowledge on the ingredients and contents of the food they are eating. References Reference. com. (2008). Bungeoppang.Retrieved July 28, 2008 from Reference. com database. NationMaster. com. (2005). Bungeoppang. Retrieved July 28, 2008 from NationMaster. com database. Bungeoppang is the name of a Korean fish-shaped pastry. Bungeoppang consists of sweet azuki bean fil ling known as pat, which is encased in batter and then toasted in a special thingumabob that performs like a waffle iron. This appliance is specially molded to create the fish shape of bungeoppang. It is then toasted golden-brown and served. Bungeoppang is usually sold as a sting by open-air food vendors throughout Korea during the winter season.Crispy thin edges meet a soft and light cakey exterior with an inner pouch holding the maroon azuki bean filling. Surprisingly, its barely sweet like most asian desserts but has a comminuted texture with the nearly whole beans. Hardly unusual for someone who has grown up supping red bean soup or eating sesame paste balls for dessert, its pleasant but I cant imagine craving its flavours. I love the novelty of the bungeoppang but much opt the hoddeok, a dense and round pancake with a thin layer of sugar and cinnamon through the middle.Its called Boong-uh Bbang (literally means goldfish bread because it looks like a gold fish). Theres an ic e cream version of it, filled w/ vanilla ice cream and sweet red beans called Ssah-man-ko. Bungeobbang (lit. crucian carp cake/bread) is the name of a Korean fish-shaped pastry. Bungeoppang consists of sweet azuki bean filling known as pat (? see red bean paste), which is encased in batter and then toasted in a special appliance that performs like a waffle iron. This appliance is specially molded to create the unique fish shape of bungeoppang.It is then toasted golden-brown and served. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. siamese connectionyaki (e? c? a ) is a Japanese waffle-like cake traditionally filled with sweet azuki bean paste (although it can be filled with other things such as sweet custard), fried and molded into the shape of a fish as Tai means sea bream in Japanese. Hangul also refers to a word processing application wide used in Korea. A domestic Belgian waffle iron A waffle iron is a cooking appliance used to make waffles. Bungeoppang is usually sold as a snack by open-air food vendors throughout Korea during the winter season. It is usually sold in quantities of four or more. Although the pastry is shaped like a fish, it does not contain any fish or fish products. Korea (Korean (i? i or i? e, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state dictated on the Korean Peninsula in east Asia. There are also bungeoppang-shaped waffles filled with ice cream and pat. koreanfood. about. com/od/snacksanddesserts/a/bungeoppang. htm www. nationmaster. com/encyclopedia/Bungeoppang Bungeoppang (lit.crucian carp cake/bread) is the name of Korean fish-shaped pastry. Bungeoppang consists of sweet azuki bean filling known as pat (? see red bean paste), which is encased in batter and then toasted in a special appliance that performs like a waffle iron. This appliance is specially molded to create the fish shape of bungeoppang (see Asian carp for the fishs significance in East Asian culture). It is then toasted golden-brown and served. History Bungeoppang was first introduced into Korea by Japanese during Korea under Japanese observe in the 1930s although there it is known as taiyaki.How to get Bungeoppang is usually sold as a snack by open-air food vendors throughout Korea during the winter season. The vendors sell them in a standardised way to Korean eomuk or Japanese kamaboko. It is usually sold in quantities of four or more. Although the pastry is shaped like a fish, it does not contain any fish or fish products. There are also bungeoppang-shaped waffles filled with ice cream and pat (sweetened and boiled red beans or azuki beans). www. reference. com/ snip/Bungeobbang